Concept 1 · free preview
Nature and types of thinking
Understand
Thinking is a mental process in which we work with ideas, symbols, words and images in the mind to understand something or solve a problem. It usually starts from a problem or question and moves towards a goal.
| Type of thinking | Sign |
|---|---|
| Perceptual / concrete | Thinking about an object in front of you |
| Conceptual / abstract | Thinking with concepts and symbols |
| Reflective | Careful, persistent examination of a belief in the light of evidence — John Dewey |
| Convergent | Towards one correct answer |
| Divergent | Many new answers/ideas — creativity |
| Critical | Evaluating with reasons and evidence |
Rule
Tools of thinking: images, concepts, symbols and signs, language.
Example
A child thinks, 'People say heavy things fall faster — is that true? Let's drop two balls and see.' → testing a belief against evidence = reflective thinking.
Common mistake
Swapping convergent and divergent: converge = meet at one point (one answer); diverge = spread out (many answers).
Check yourself
The idea of 'reflective thinking' is especially associated with whom?
Answer: John Dewey ('How We Think').